Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Reference)

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Peripatetics Peripatetics: Brief history of the Peripatetic doctrines. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/peripati.htm Solovyov, Vladimir Solovyov, Vladimir: 19th century Russian philosopher. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/solovyov.htm Euclides Euclides: 4th century BCE native of Megara, and founder of the Megarian or Eristic sect. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/euclides.htm The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Free online encyclopedia. Edited by James Fieser, hosted by the University of Tennessee at Martin. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/ Skepticism, Modern Skepticism, Modern: Review of the modern era in skepticism. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepmod.htm Pythagoras Pythagoras: The 6th century BCE philosopher. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pythagor.htm Paley, William Paley, William: 18th century British theologian. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/paley.htm Time Time: Long article about questions of time discussed throughout the history of philosophy. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/time.htm Diogenes of Apollonia Diogenes of Apollonia: Pupil of Anaximenes and contemporary of Anaxagoras in the 6th cn. BCE. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/diogapol.htm Totem Totem: A term, derived from Native American, used in philosophy to describe one of a class of objects which a community regards with respect. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/totem.htm Mill, John Stuart Mill, John Stuart: 19th leader and prophet of utilitarianism, heir to the Hume-Bentham line, and influential force in modern political theory. Author of On Liberty (1859), and Utilitarianism (1863). (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/milljs.htm Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich: 18th century German philosopher, famous for effective criticism of Kant. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/jacobi.htm Monism Monism: Originally described idealists and materialists. Now the term is used for all philosophers who have a unifying theory. Those who are not monists are either dualist or pluralist. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/monism.htm Natural Theology Natural Theology: Used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to describe knowledge of God drawn from nature. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nattheol.htm Poincaré, Jules Henri Poincaré, Jules Henri: 19th century French philosopher of science. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/poincare.htm Shpet, Gustav Shpet, Gustav: Leading proponent of Russian transcendental phenomenology. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/shpet.htm Anaxagoras Anaxagoras: Greek philosopher born about 500 BCE, responsible for giving philosophy a home at Athens and the first philosopher to introduce a spiritual principle which gives matter life and form. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anaxagor.htm Aristippus Aristippus: Description of the life and teachings of the philosopher Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aristip.htm Freud, Sigmund Freud, Sigmund: Lenghty article on the father of psychoanalysis who is generally recognised as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/freud.htm Berlin Circle Berlin Circle: Group of academics who gathered round Hans Reichenbach in late 1920s and later joined up with the Vienna Circle. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/berlinci.htm Ockham, William of Ockham, William of: Detailed biography of the 14th century Franciscan. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/ockham.htm Symposium Symposium: Drinking-parties in Ancient Greece where the guests reclined on couches, and were crowned with garlands of flowers. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/symposiu.htm Warburton, William Warburton, William: 18th century Church of England bishop, and critic of the Deists. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/w/warburto.htm Damon Damon: 5th century BCE Pythagorean philosopher of Syracuse. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/damon.htm Menippus Menippus: Third century BCE Greek philosopher and satirist. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/menippus.htm Social Contract Social Contract: View that morality is based on social agreements that serve the interests of those who make the agreement. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/soc-cont.htm Truth Truth: Philosophical theories on the nature of truth, by Bradley Dowden and Norman Swartz. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/truth.htm Leucippus Leucippus: 5th century BCE founder of atomism. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/leucippu.htm Anselm Anselm: 11th century English prelate who developed views of atonement and satisfaction which are still held by orthodox theologians. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anselm.htm Bolingbroke, Henry St. John Bolingbroke, Henry St. John: 18th century Tory disciple of Locke. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bolingbr.htm Stilpo Stilpo: 4th century BCE member of the Megarean school. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stilpo.htm Plato Plato: Biography and description of the philosophy of Plato. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/plato.htm Stoic Philosophy of Mind Stoic Philosophy of Mind: Description of the philosophy of Mind of the Stoics, including the relationship between mind and body, perception, action-theory, and emotion. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stoicmind1.htm Locke, John Locke, John: Article on the life and work of the influential philosopher. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/locke.htm Reichenbach, Hans Reichenbach, Hans: Leading German philosopher of science, and logical positivist. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/reichenb.htm Antisthenes Antisthenes: Athenian philosopher and founder of the Cynic sect who was born around 440 BCE. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/antisthe.htm Chinese Room Argument Chinese Room Argument: John Searle's thought experiment is one of the best known counters to claims of artificial intelligence. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/chineser.htm Greek Philosophy Greek Philosophy: The philosophical currents of Ancient Greek philosophy are introduced, from the Presocratic philosophers through to Proclus. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/greekphi.htm Moral Dilemmas Moral Dilemmas: Situation where only two courses of action are available, each requiring a morally impermissible action. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/m-dilemm.htm Theophrastus Theophrastus: Philosopher of the Peripatetic school, successor to Aristotle at the Lyceum. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/theophra.htm Empedocles Empedocles: 5th century BCE philosopher who combined medical study with Orphic mysticism. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/empedocl.htm Diderot, Denis Diderot, Denis: The most prominent of the French Encyclopedists and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/diderot.htm Hegelians, St. Louis Hegelians, St. Louis: 19th century group of amateur American philosophers founded and led by William Torrey Harris. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hstlouis.htm Prodicus Prodicus: 5th century BCE sophist, possibly a mentor of Socrates (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/prodicus.htm Moral Luck Moral Luck: Andrew Latus, St. Francis Xavier University, summarizes the discussion between Thomas Nagel and Bernard Williams on the question: Can luck ever make a moral difference? (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/moralluc.htm Stirling, James Hutchison Stirling, James Hutchison: 19th century British Idealist, Hegelian academic. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stirling.htm Naturalistic Fallacy Naturalistic Fallacy: Moore's theory that "goodness" is an individual property which cannot be explained in terms of anything more basic. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nfallacy.htm Prima Facie Duties Prima Facie Duties: Moral obligations which are binding only until a stronger one emerges. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/primafac.htm Renaissance Renaissance: Brief article on the transition between middle ages and modernity. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/renaiss.htm Stoicism Stoicism: Description of the system of ethics, popular in Ancient Greece, which has physics as its foundation. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stoicism.htm Skepticism, Contemporary Skepticism, Contemporary: Introduction to the current discussion of skepticism. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepcont.htm Machiavelli, Nicolo Machiavelli, Nicolo: Renaissance philosopher who remains controversial for his practical solutions to problems of how to retain political authority. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/machiave.htm Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence: Describing the view that human cognitive mental states can be duplicated in computers. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/artintel.htm Cudworth, Ralph Cudworth, Ralph: 17th century 'Cambridge Platonist' who fought for preservation of religious ideals, including divine illumination. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/cudwor.htm Supererogation Supererogation: An action which goes beyond what is morally required. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/superero.htm Dewey, John Dewey, John: Leading light of the 20th century American school of thought known as pragmatism. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/dewey.htm Theosophy Theosophy: Detailed article on the religious, philosophic, and scientific theory of one eternal, immutable, principle, being the root of all manifestation. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/theosoph.htm Just War Theory Just War Theory: Some of those who have attempted to justify war include Aquinas, Grotius, and Pufendorf. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/justwar.htm Academy Academy: Description of the philosophical institution founded by Plato, which advocated skepticism in succeeding generations. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/academy.htm Malebranche, Nicholas Malebranche, Nicholas: 17th century Cartesian philosopher. Author of The Search After Truth (1674-1675). (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/malebran.htm Hobbes, Thomas Hobbes, Thomas: 17th century British philosopher. Author of Leviathan (1651). (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hobmoral.htm Huxley, Thomas Henry Huxley, Thomas Henry: 19th century zoologist and advocate of Darwinism. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/huxley.htm Animals and Ethics Animals and Ethics: Consideration of moral status of non-human animals. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anim-eth.htm Wittgenstein, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Ludwig: Detailed essay on the life and work of the 20th century philosopher. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/w/wittgens.htm Husserl, Edmund Husserl, Edmund: Leader of the German phenomenological movement. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/husserl.htm Diogenes of Sinope Diogenes of Sinope: 4th cn. BCE cynic philosopher of Sinope. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/diogsino.htm Beccaria, Cesare Beccaria, Cesare: 18th century aristocrat whose work 'On Crimes and Punishments (1764)' inspired reform in the Italian criminal justice system. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/beccaria.htm Heraclitus Heraclitus: 5th century BCE. Presocratic Greek philosopher. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/heraclit.htm Euthanasia Euthanasia: Contemporary applied ethical issue considering whether it is morally permissible for a third party to end the life of a terminally ill patient who is in intense pain. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/euthanas.htm Suicide Suicide: Discussion of the applied ethical issue of suicide. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/suicide.htm Positivism, Legal Positivism, Legal: Theory that law is manufactured according to certain social conventions. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/legalpos.htm Rule Utilitarianism Rule Utilitarianism: Utilitarianism when applied to a behavioral code or rule. A rule is right if its consequences are more favorable than unfavorable. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/ruleutil.htm Synderesis Synderesis: Scholastic philosophy describes this as the principle in moral consciousness which directs an agent to good. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/synderes.htm Anaxarchus Anaxarchus: 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera, from the school of Democritus. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anaxarch.htm Roman Philosophy Roman Philosophy: Short introduction to Roman philosophy from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/romanphi.htm Virtue Theory Virtue Theory: View that morality is the development of or virtues. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/virtue.htm Shaftesbury, Earl of Shaftesbury, Earl of: Patron of John Locke (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/shaftes.htm Chrysippus Chrysippus: Prolific stoic of Soli, and disciple of Cleanthes. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/chrysipp.htm Davidson, Donald Davidson, Donald: Introduction to one of the most significant philosophers concerned with philosophy of mind and action of the 20th/21st century. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/davidson.htm Behaviorism Behaviorism: Theory in philosophy of mind which maintains that talk of mental events should be translated into talk about observable behavior. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/behavior.htm Cyrenaics Cyrenaics: Description of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy, which flourished from the 5th-3rd centuries BCE. The Cyrenaics were skeptics and hedonists. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/cyren.htm Deism, French Deism, French: The deism of Voltaire and Rousseau. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/deismfre.htm Tragedy Tragedy: A term used in aesthetics to describe a situation where elements of pain and pleasure exist simultaneously. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/tragedy.htm Descartes, René Descartes, René: Early modern philosopher who rejected religious authority in the quest for scientific and philosophical knowledge. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/descarte.htm Herbert of Cherbury, Edward Herbert of Cherbury, Edward: 17th century historian, poet (brother of George), and philosopher. Sought to determine the nature and standard of truth, and conditions of knowledge. Precursor of the philosophy of Common Sense. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/herbert.htm God, Western Concepts of God, Western Concepts of: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on God from Socrates to Nietzsche. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/god-west.htm Galileo Galileo: Italian physicist and astronomer, born 1564. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/galileo.htm Skepticism, Ancient Greek Skepticism, Ancient Greek: A description of skepticism in Ancient Greece, led by Pyrrho. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepanci.htm Empiricism, British Empiricism, British: 18th century British philosophical movement which maintained that all knowledge comes from experience. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/emp-brit.htm Sublime Sublime: Aesthetic value with the suggestion of transcendent vastness or greatness. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sublime.htm Augustine Augustine: Extensive article on the life and work of the 4th century ecclesiastical author. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/augustin.htm Aristotle Aristotle: The life and work of the 4th century BCE Greek philosopher. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aristotl.htm Thales Thales: Detailed biographical essay on the Ancient Greek philosopher. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/thales.htm Demonax Demonax: Philosopher of the second century CE. who tried to revive the philosophy of the Cynic School. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/demonax.htm Plotinus Plotinus: 3rd century CE founder of Neo-Platonism. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/plotinus.htm Positivism, Logical Positivism, Logical: Schlick, Carnap, Reichenbach, and others made up the Austrian school of philosophy in the 1920s, which has been influential in analysis of scientific thought. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/logpos.htm Timon Timon: 3rd century BCE disciple of Pyrrho. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/timon.htm Taste Taste: Critical discernment of objects of aesthetic experience. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/taste.htm Anaximander Anaximander: Greek philosopher of Miletus, born 611 BCE who thought it unnecessary to fix upon air, water, or fire as the original and primary form of body. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anaximan.htm Deism, English Deism, English: Explores the deism of Hobbes, Locke, Tindal, and the influence of Hume. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/deismeng.htm Moral Philosophy Moral Philosophy: Introduction to ethics, with links to other articles at the IEP. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/ethics.htm Berkeley, George Berkeley, George: Influential 18th century Irish philosopher. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/berkeley.htm Gorgias Gorgias: Greek sophist and rhetorician, known as "the Nihilist," born in 483 BCE. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/gorgias.htm Emanation Emanation: The theory that all derived or secondary things flow from the primary. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/emanatio.htm Hodgson, Shadworth Hodgson, Shadworth: Follower of Kant, founder of the Aristotelian Society. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hodgson.htm Diogenes Laertius Diogenes Laertius: 3rd century biographer of ancient Greek philosophers. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/dioglaer.htm Egoism, Psychological and Ethical Egoism, Psychological and Ethical: Maintains that the individual self is the motivating moral force and the end of moral action. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/egoism.htm Anaximenes Anaximenes: 5th century BCE Greek philosopher of Miletus who regarded 'air' as the primary form of body. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anaximen.htm Moral Skepticism Moral Skepticism: The theory, supported by J.L. Mackie in Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong, that belief in objective moral principles cannot be justified. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/m-skepti.htm Origen Origen: Father of the early Church, born around 182. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/origen.htm Eclecticism Eclecticism: Group of ancient philosophers who sought to reach by selection the highest degree of probability in the search for truth. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/eclectic.htm Natural Law Natural Law: Standards that govern human behavior objectively derived from the nature of human beings. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/natlaw.htm Voluntarism Voluntarism: Theory that God or the ultimate nature of reality is conceived as some form of will. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/voluntar.htm Active Powers Active Powers: The capacities of impulse and desire which lead to or determine human action, as described by 18th and 19th century Scottish common sense philosophy. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/activepo.htm Identity Theory Identity Theory: Form of monistic materialism which maintains that mental states and brain activities are identical. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/i/identity.htm Stephen, Leslie Stephen, Leslie: 19th century British academic. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stephen.htm Bentham, Jeremy Bentham, Jeremy: Extensive article on the 18th century 'founder' of utilitarianism. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bentham.htm Rights, Human Rights, Human: A treatment of the origins and development of the theory of human rights, with philosophical analysis, justifications, and criticisms. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hum-rts.htm Caird, Edward Caird, Edward: Nineteenth century Scottish philosopher who was one of the key figures of the idealist movement that dominated British philosophy from 1870 until the mid 1920s. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/caird.htm Encyclopedists Encyclopedists: Group of French philosophers and men of letters who collaborated in the production of the famous Encyclopedie. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/encylop.htm Hume, David Hume, David: Enormously influential 18th century Scottish philosopher. Author of Treatise of Human Nature (1739-1740). (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/humelife.htm Libraries, Ancient Greek and Roman Libraries, Ancient Greek and Roman: Describing the public libraries of Ancient Greece, and the fashion for book-collecting in Rome. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/library.htm Cicero, Marcus Tullius Cicero, Marcus Tullius: 1st century BCE Roman orator and philosopher of the New Academy. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/cicero.htm Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard Von Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard Von: 19th century German philosopher who attempted to combine the idea of Hegel with the will of Schopenhauer in 'spiritual monism.' (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hartmann.htm Hedonism Hedonism: The view, first put forward by Epicurus, that our fundamental moral obligation is to maximize pleasure. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hedonism.htm Russell's Paradox Russell's Paradox: Examines self-referential linguistics used to describe properties and sets. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/par-russ.htm Capital Punishment Capital Punishment: The issue of capital punishment involves determining whether the execution of criminals is ever justified. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/capitalp.htm Ferrier, James Frederick Ferrier, James Frederick: The earliest absolute idealist in English philosophy. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/ferrier.htm Spinoza, Benedict Spinoza, Benedict: 17th century pantheist, critic of Descartes. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/spinoza.htm Parmenides Parmenides: Greek philosopher and poet. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/parmenid.htm Lombard, Peter Lombard, Peter: French scholastic theologian of the 12th century, influenced by Abelard. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lombard.htm Temperance Temperance: Moderation, advocated by much of Ancient Greek and Scholastic philosophy. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/temperan.htm Evolution Evolution: Introduces evolution through the ages, from the ancient Greeks, through Leibniz and Descartes to Darwin and Spencer. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/evolutio.htm Zeno of Elea Zeno of Elea: 5th century BCE Eleatic philosopher. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/z/zenoelea.htm Sophists Sophists: Teachers of philosophy in Ancient Greece, including Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and Hippias. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sophists.htm Lucretius Lucretius: Roman poet and advocate of Epicurean philosophy. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lucretiu.htm Solipsism Solipsism: The doctrine of the solipsist is that existence means my existence and that of my mental states. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/solipsis.htm Functionalism Functionalism: Theory in the philosophy of mind which holds that mental states are functional states. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/function.htm Interventionism Interventionism: Examines the nature and justifications of interfering with another polity or choices made by individuals. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/i/interven.htm Xenophon Xenophon: Pupil of Socrates, who contributed to the record of his life. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/x/xenophon.htm Fichte, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Johann Gottlieb: One of the major figures in German philosophy in the period between Kant and Hegel. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/fichtejg.htm Fichte, Immanuel Hermann Fichte, Immanuel Hermann: Aimed to secure a philosophical basis for the personality of God. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/fichteih.htm Carnap, Rudolf Carnap, Rudolf: Extensive article about his life and work, by Mauro Murzi. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/carnap.htm Aenesidemus Aenesidemus: Biography of the 1st century philosopher who defended the ten tropes of skepticism. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aeneside.htm Pyrrho Pyrrho: 4th century BCE founder of the Greek school of skepticism. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pyrrho.htm Hempel, Carl Gustav Hempel, Carl Gustav: A leading member of logical positivism, the German philosopher died in 1997. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hempel.htm Duties and Deontological Ethics Duties and Deontological Ethics: Deontological theories are based on moral obligation that an agent has towards another person. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/duties.htm Neoplatonism Neoplatonism: The revival of Greek philosophy in 3rd century BCE, led by Plotinus and his disciple, Porphyry. Influenced by both Pythagoras and Plato. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/neoplato.htm Humanism Humanism: Brief article on Erasmus and the Italian humanist movement. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/humanism.htm Hamilton, William Hamilton, William: 19th century exponent of the Scottish common-sense philosophy. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hamilton.htm Cleanthes Cleanthes: Stoic philosopher of Assus in Lydia, disciple of Zeno of Citium. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/cleanthe.htm Bacon, Francis Bacon, Francis: 16th century philosopher and politician. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bacon.htm Vienna Circle Vienna Circle: Organised the development of logical postivism in the 1920s. Included Carnap, Feigl, Frank, Gödel, Hahn, Kraft, Neurath, Waismann. Popper and Wittgenstein also had association with the Vienna Circle. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/viennaci.htm Hippias Hippias: Hippias was a sophist, a contemporary of Socrates, and an enthusiast for universality. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hippias.htm Epicurus Epicurus: 4th century BCE materialist, empiricist, and hedonist. One of the major philosophers of the Hellenistic period. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/epicur.htm Bakhtin Circle Bakhtin Circle: School of Russian thought centered on the work of Bakhtin which focused on questions of signification in artistic creation. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bakhtin.htm Democritus Democritus: 4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera who expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/democrit.htm Epictetus Epictetus: Eminent Stoic philosopher, born as a slave at Hieropolis in Phyrgia in 55 CE. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/epictetu.htm Protagoras Protagoras: Early Greek sophist. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/protagor.htm Eckhart, Meister Eckhart, Meister: 13th century Dominican mystic who was almost forgotten until Franz von Baader revived his memory in the nineteenth century. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/eckhart.htm German Idealism German Idealism: The German reaction to empiricism, including related theories of Kant, Fichte, Hegel and others. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/germidea.htm Xenophanes Xenophanes: Eleatic school, powerful 6th century BCE critic of polytheism. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/x/x-phanes.htm Butler, Joseph Butler, Joseph: 18th century icon of a highly intellectualized theology. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/butler.htm Rationalism, Continental Rationalism, Continental: 17th century philosophical movement. Rival to British Empiricism. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/rat-cont.htm Rousseau, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Jean Jacques: 18th century French author of the Social Contract, influential during the French Revolution. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/rousseau.htm Lotze, Rudolf Hermann Lotze, Rudolf Hermann: 19th century German philosopher who criticised the pantheism of Hegel. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lotze.htm Aquinas, Thomas Aquinas, Thomas: The life and work of the major figure in scholastic philosophy. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aquinas.htm Helvetius, Claude Adrien Helvetius, Claude Adrien: One of the 18th century Encyclopedists who held the skeptical and materialistic views common to that school of philosophy. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/helvetiu.htm Affection Affection: In the history of ethics, the term referred to a subset of emotions less violent and less sensuous than "passions". (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/affection.htm Cumberland, Richard Cumberland, Richard: 17th century critic of Hobbes and the neo-Platonists. (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/cumberla.htm